Jason Jaroslav Cook illustrator
Friday, October 29, 2010
Illustrator + Photoshop = Wow
This is candy that won't rot your teeth. These commercial illustrations demonstrate a delicious combination of vector graphics and photography. Enjoy.
Tuesday, October 26, 2010
Photoshop File Formats
Photoshop's file format menu is lengthy, but don't let it intimidate you. Each option has it purpose and knowing what what they are will keep you from becoming overwhelmed.
First, "file format" refers to how an image file is saved, and is determined by how the image is to be used. In Photoshop, when you choose "File / Save" (or "Save As" or "Save a Copy") you will see the menu above.
The end use of a file will determine the best file format choice. If you don't know what your end product will be, stick with the native Photoshop (.psd) format, then "Save As" when you figure it out (so you'll have your original file as a backup, just in case). The annotated charts below discuss the most commonly used Photoshop file formats.
Further reading
http://livedocs.adobe.com/en_US/Photoshop/10.0/help.html?content=WSfd1234e1c4b69f30ea53e41001031ab64-7784.html
http://www.creativepro.com/article/graphics-fundamentals-understanding-photoshop-file-formats-
http://ezinearticles.com/?Photoshop-Files-and-Formats&id=36741
First, "file format" refers to how an image file is saved, and is determined by how the image is to be used. In Photoshop, when you choose "File / Save" (or "Save As" or "Save a Copy") you will see the menu above.
The end use of a file will determine the best file format choice. If you don't know what your end product will be, stick with the native Photoshop (.psd) format, then "Save As" when you figure it out (so you'll have your original file as a backup, just in case). The annotated charts below discuss the most commonly used Photoshop file formats.
Common File Formats for Graphic Applications
| File Format | File Extension | Notes |
| Photoshop | .psd | Native Photoshop format -- supports Photoshop's layers and transparency. Good option for the CS workflow. |
| Photoshop EPS | .eps | Encapsulated Postscript File -- supported by Adobe CS but not necessarily by all other graphics applications. Supports Paths, but not transparency. |
| Portable Document Format -- a versatile cross-platform format. | ||
| TIFF | .tif | Tagged-Image File Format -- a cross-platform format that supports lossless compression (no image data is discarded as it is saved; see JPG below). Supports transparency, but not Paths. |
| Note: Photoshop, EPS, TIFF and PDF formats are supported by all Adobe Creative Suite applications. | ||
Common File Formats Used on the Web
| File Format | File Extension | Notes |
| GIF | .gif | Prounounced "jif" or "gif," it stands for Graphics Interchange Format. Good choice for line art or art with limited palettes, animation; supports transparent backgrounds. |
| JPG or JPEG | .jpg | JPG stands for Joint Photographic Group Experts File -- a good option for displaying or sharing images on the web or via email, but degrades image through "lossy" compression. Image data is discarded in order to compress file size, that is, to make the file size smaller. Each time a file is saved in jpg format it continually degrades the image. |
| PNG | .png | An alternative to GIF and JPG format. Supports transparent backgrounds. |
| Note: Choose "File / Save for Web" when saving images for use on the Web. For more details, see Photoshop's Help menu. | ||
Other File Formats
| File Format | File Extension | Notes |
| Bitmap | .bmp | Windows-compatible format; lossless (loses no data when saving, unlike lossy formats such as JPG). |
| PCX | .pcx | A Windows file format. |
| PICT | .pct | A Macintosh format. |
| Pixar | .pxr | For use with high-end 3-D imaging programs. |
| PNG | .png | An alternative to GIF format. |
| Raw | .raw | Saves files as a stream of bytes, good fonly for moving between applications and platforms. Better to decide on end use, and use TIF or JPG. |
| Scitex | .sci | For high-end graphics, such as super-high resolution drum scans. |
| Targa | .tga | For systems using Truevision® video board. |
Adapted and updated from: Teach Yourself Photohop 4 in 14 Days. D. Bront Davis, Steven Mulder, Carla Rose, Hayden Books, 1997.
Further reading
http://livedocs.adobe.com/en_US/Photoshop/10.0/help.html?content=WSfd1234e1c4b69f30ea53e41001031ab64-7784.html
http://www.creativepro.com/article/graphics-fundamentals-understanding-photoshop-file-formats-
http://ezinearticles.com/?Photoshop-Files-and-Formats&id=36741
Monday, October 25, 2010
Fauxtography
How much of retouching a photograph is ethical? How do you know you've gone too far?
It is not acceptable to lie. Touching up photos is considered unacceptable when publishing an image that is intended to represent facts or truth, such as in newspaper reporting. An example of this might be to edit a person's facial features, such as retouching wrinkles or straightening a crooked nose. Those wrinkles and that nose are a factual part of that person.
Yet some retouching of photos is generally acceptable. If some hair is out of place on an otherwise good photograph, one might argue that it is acceptable to edit that hair as long as it doesn't alter the representation of the person.
It is generally understood, however, that advertisements are doctored in order to present absolute perfection – such as in the Dove Evolution ad. Take a close look at the models in ads for beauty products or lingerie. Could anyone possibly have skin that flawless? (Well, maybe I shouldn't tell you to look at lingerie models, but they are a good example.)
In August of 2006, Reuters news agency released the fraudulent photo above (known in the blogosphere as a fauxtograph) which had been altered to appear more sensational than the original. The photographer, Adnan Hajj, had used the clone stamp tool to make a column of smoke appear darker and larger than in the original, unretouched photo. It created an outrage — not only in the media community but also by news consumers around the globe — which resulted in the pulling of all Hajj's photographs from Reuters' services, and the firing of Hajj and his editor. See the images and read about more photo fraud at the links below.
http://littlegreenfootballs.com/weblog/?entry=21956_Reuters_Doctoring_Photos_from_Beirut&only
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1681155/posts
It is not acceptable to lie. Touching up photos is considered unacceptable when publishing an image that is intended to represent facts or truth, such as in newspaper reporting. An example of this might be to edit a person's facial features, such as retouching wrinkles or straightening a crooked nose. Those wrinkles and that nose are a factual part of that person.
Yet some retouching of photos is generally acceptable. If some hair is out of place on an otherwise good photograph, one might argue that it is acceptable to edit that hair as long as it doesn't alter the representation of the person.
It is generally understood, however, that advertisements are doctored in order to present absolute perfection – such as in the Dove Evolution ad. Take a close look at the models in ads for beauty products or lingerie. Could anyone possibly have skin that flawless? (Well, maybe I shouldn't tell you to look at lingerie models, but they are a good example.)
In August of 2006, Reuters news agency released the fraudulent photo above (known in the blogosphere as a fauxtograph) which had been altered to appear more sensational than the original. The photographer, Adnan Hajj, had used the clone stamp tool to make a column of smoke appear darker and larger than in the original, unretouched photo. It created an outrage — not only in the media community but also by news consumers around the globe — which resulted in the pulling of all Hajj's photographs from Reuters' services, and the firing of Hajj and his editor. See the images and read about more photo fraud at the links below.
http://littlegreenfootballs.com/weblog/?entry=21956_Reuters_Doctoring_Photos_from_Beirut&only
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1681155/posts
Adobe Bridge
Adobe Bridge is a great file management program which you might find helpful if you have a large number of photos to organize. In addition to organization, you can label, prioritize, batch process and share files. Of particular interest is Bridge's integration with some of Photoshop's automated features (Contact Sheet and Photomerge) and photo adjustment with Camera Raw.
Read more about it in the Adobe Bridge Help (Help Menu) and CS3 for Dummies pg. 43-47.
About Adobe Bridge CS3
Use Adobe Bridge, provided with Adobe Creative Suite 3 components, to organize, browse, and locate the assets you need to create content for print, the web, television, DVD, film, and mobile devices. Bridge keeps native Adobe files (such as PSD and PDF) as well as non‑Adobe files available for easy access. You can drag assets into your layouts, projects, and compositions as needed, preview files, and even add metadata (file information), making the files easier to locate.
For a video on understanding Bridge, see www.adobe.com/go/vid0090.
File browsing From Bridge you can view, search, sort, filter, manage, and process image, video, and audio files. You can use Bridge to rename, move, and delete files; edit metadata; rotate images; and run batch commands. You can also view files and data imported from your digital still or video camera.
Camera Raw If you have Adobe Photoshop® or Adobe After Effects® installed, you can open or import camera raw files from Bridge, edit them, and save them in a Photoshop-compatible format. You can edit the image settings directly in the Camera Raw dialog box without starting Photoshop or After Effects, and copy settings from one image to another. If you don’t have Photoshop or After Effects installed, you can still preview the camera raw files in Bridge.
Label and rate files
Labeling files with a certain color or assigning ratings of zero to five stars lets you mark a large number of files quickly. You can then sort files according to their color label or rating.
For example, suppose you’re viewing a large number of imported images in Bridge. As you review each new image, you can label those you want to keep. After this initial pass, you can use the Sort command to display and work on files that you’ve labeled with a particular color.
You can label and rate folders as well as files. You can even label and rate files and folders on read‑only media, such as a CD.
You can assign names to labels in Labels preferences. The name is then added to the file’s metadata when you apply the label.
Note: When you view folders, Bridge shows both labeled and unlabeled files until you choose another option.
For a video on rating files, see www.adobe.com/go/vid0093.
Label files
Select one or more files and choose a color from the Label menu. To remove labels from files, choose Label > No Label.
Rate files
1. Select one or more files.
2. Do any of the following:
Sort and filter files
By default, Bridge sorts files that appear in the Content panel by filename. You can sort files differently by using the Sort command or by using the Sort By menu in the Filter panel.
You can control which files appear in the Content panel by choosing criteria in the Filter panel. You can filter by rating, label, file type, keywords, date created, or date modified, among other criteria.
Criteria that appear in the Filter panel are dynamically generated depending on the files that appear in the Content panel and their associated metadata. For example, if the Content panel contains audio files, the Filter panel will contain artist, album, genre, key, tempo, and loop criteria. If the Content panel contains images, the Filter panel will contain dimensions, orientation, and aspect ratio criteria.
You can also specify that Bridge show or hide folders, rejected files, and hidden files (such as cache files) in the Content panel by choosing options from the View menu.
For a video on sorting and filtering in Bridge, see www.adobe.com/go/vid0096.
Sort files
Choose an option from the View> Sort menu, or click the Sort By menu in the Filter panel and choose the order in which you want to sort files. Choose Manually to sort by the last order in which you dragged the files.
Filter files
Control which files appear in the Content panel by selecting one or more criteria in the Filter panel. The Filter panel displays the number of items in the current set that have a specific value, regardless of whether or not they are visible. For example, by glancing at the Filter panel, you can quickly see how many files have a specific rating or keyword.
In the Filter panel, select one or more criteria:
Clear filters
Click the Clear Filter button (circle with "no" slash) at the bottom of the Filter panel.
Lock filters
To prevent filter criteria from clearing when you navigate to another location in Bridge, click the Keep Filter When Browsing button at the bottom of the Filter panel.
Create a contact sheet
If you have Adobe InDesign installed, you can use Bridge to create a contact sheet of images in InDesign.
1. In Bridge, select the images you want to include in the contact sheet. Otherwise, all the images currently displayed in the Content panel are included.
Note: You can select different images by clicking Files after the Contact Sheet dialog box opens.
2. Choose (a) Tools > InDesign > Create InDesign Contact Sheet or (b) Tools > Photoshop > Contact Sheet II
In InDesign, under Layout in the Contact Sheet dialog box, specify layout options for the thumbnail previews:
Under Caption, select File Name to label the thumbnails using their source image filenames. Select other caption options as desired.
Read more about it in the Adobe Bridge Help (Help Menu) and CS3 for Dummies pg. 43-47.
About Adobe Bridge CS3
Use Adobe Bridge, provided with Adobe Creative Suite 3 components, to organize, browse, and locate the assets you need to create content for print, the web, television, DVD, film, and mobile devices. Bridge keeps native Adobe files (such as PSD and PDF) as well as non‑Adobe files available for easy access. You can drag assets into your layouts, projects, and compositions as needed, preview files, and even add metadata (file information), making the files easier to locate.
For a video on understanding Bridge, see www.adobe.com/go/vid0090.
File browsing From Bridge you can view, search, sort, filter, manage, and process image, video, and audio files. You can use Bridge to rename, move, and delete files; edit metadata; rotate images; and run batch commands. You can also view files and data imported from your digital still or video camera.
Camera Raw If you have Adobe Photoshop® or Adobe After Effects® installed, you can open or import camera raw files from Bridge, edit them, and save them in a Photoshop-compatible format. You can edit the image settings directly in the Camera Raw dialog box without starting Photoshop or After Effects, and copy settings from one image to another. If you don’t have Photoshop or After Effects installed, you can still preview the camera raw files in Bridge.
Label and rate files
Labeling files with a certain color or assigning ratings of zero to five stars lets you mark a large number of files quickly. You can then sort files according to their color label or rating.
For example, suppose you’re viewing a large number of imported images in Bridge. As you review each new image, you can label those you want to keep. After this initial pass, you can use the Sort command to display and work on files that you’ve labeled with a particular color.
You can label and rate folders as well as files. You can even label and rate files and folders on read‑only media, such as a CD.
You can assign names to labels in Labels preferences. The name is then added to the file’s metadata when you apply the label.
Note: When you view folders, Bridge shows both labeled and unlabeled files until you choose another option.
For a video on rating files, see www.adobe.com/go/vid0093.
Label files
Select one or more files and choose a color from the Label menu. To remove labels from files, choose Label > No Label.
Rate files
1. Select one or more files.
2. Do any of the following:
- In the Content panel, click the dot representing the number of stars you want to give the file. (Dots do not appear in very small thumbnail views. If necessary, rescale the thumbnail view until the dots appear.)
- Choose a rating from the Label menu.
- To add or remove one star, choose Label > Increase Rating or Label > Decrease Rating.
- To remove all stars, choose Label > No Rating.
- To add a Reject rating, choose Label > Reject.
Sort and filter files
By default, Bridge sorts files that appear in the Content panel by filename. You can sort files differently by using the Sort command or by using the Sort By menu in the Filter panel.
You can control which files appear in the Content panel by choosing criteria in the Filter panel. You can filter by rating, label, file type, keywords, date created, or date modified, among other criteria.
Criteria that appear in the Filter panel are dynamically generated depending on the files that appear in the Content panel and their associated metadata. For example, if the Content panel contains audio files, the Filter panel will contain artist, album, genre, key, tempo, and loop criteria. If the Content panel contains images, the Filter panel will contain dimensions, orientation, and aspect ratio criteria.
You can also specify that Bridge show or hide folders, rejected files, and hidden files (such as cache files) in the Content panel by choosing options from the View menu.
For a video on sorting and filtering in Bridge, see www.adobe.com/go/vid0096.
Sort files
Choose an option from the View> Sort menu, or click the Sort By menu in the Filter panel and choose the order in which you want to sort files. Choose Manually to sort by the last order in which you dragged the files.
Filter files
Control which files appear in the Content panel by selecting one or more criteria in the Filter panel. The Filter panel displays the number of items in the current set that have a specific value, regardless of whether or not they are visible. For example, by glancing at the Filter panel, you can quickly see how many files have a specific rating or keyword.
In the Filter panel, select one or more criteria:
- Select criteria in the same category (for example, file types) to display files that meet any of the criteria. For example, to display both GIF and JPEG files, select CompuServe GIF and JPEG file beneath File Type.
- Select criteria across categories (for example, file types and ratings) to display files that meet all of the criteria. For example, to display GIF and JPEG files that have two stars, select CompuServe GIF and JPEG file beneath File Type and two stars beneath Rating.
- Alt-click (Windows) or Option-click (Mac OS) to inverse selected criteria. For example, if you’ve selected CompuServe GIF beneath File Type, Alt-click CompuServe GIF to deselect it and select all the other file types listed.
Clear filters
Click the Clear Filter button (circle with "no" slash) at the bottom of the Filter panel.
Lock filters
To prevent filter criteria from clearing when you navigate to another location in Bridge, click the Keep Filter When Browsing button at the bottom of the Filter panel.
Create a contact sheet
If you have Adobe InDesign installed, you can use Bridge to create a contact sheet of images in InDesign.
1. In Bridge, select the images you want to include in the contact sheet. Otherwise, all the images currently displayed in the Content panel are included.
Note: You can select different images by clicking Files after the Contact Sheet dialog box opens.
2. Choose (a) Tools > InDesign > Create InDesign Contact Sheet or (b) Tools > Photoshop > Contact Sheet II
In InDesign, under Layout in the Contact Sheet dialog box, specify layout options for the thumbnail previews:
- For Place, choose whether to arrange thumbnails across (from left to right, then top to bottom) or down (from top to bottom, then left to right).
- Enter the number of columns and rows that you want per contact sheet. The maximum dimensions for each thumbnail are displayed to the right, along with a visual preview of the specified layout.
- Select Use Auto-Spacing to let InDesign automatically space the thumbnails in the contact sheet. If you deselect Use Auto-Spacing, you can specify the vertical and horizontal space around the thumbnails. The contact sheet preview in the dialog box is automatically updated as you specify the spacing.
- Select Rotate Image For Best Fit to rotate the images, regardless of their orientation, so they fit efficiently on a contact sheet.
Under Caption, select File Name to label the thumbnails using their source image filenames. Select other caption options as desired.
- To use an InDesign template for the contact sheet, select Use InDesign Template. Click Template to select a template.
- To save the contact sheet as PDF, select Save As PDF under Output Options. Click Output File to select an InDesign PDF preset.
- Click OK.
— From Adobe Bridge Help
Wednesday, October 20, 2010
Resolution, Resizing and Resampling
Computer graphics fall into two main categories: bitmap and vector images. Let's review the difference between the two. Understanding this will help as you create and edit digital images.
Bitmap and vector review
Photoshop and other paint and image-editing programs generate bitmap images, also called raster images. Bitmap images use a grid (the bitmap or raster) of small squares known as pixels to represent images. Each pixel is assigned a specific location and color value. For example, a bicycle tire in a bitmap image is made up of a mosaic of pixels in that location. When working with bitmap images, you edit pixels rather than objects or shapes.
Rasterizing is a process of converting vector images to bitmap images.
A bitmap image is resolution-dependent -- that is, it contains a fixed number of pixels to represent its image data. As a result, a bitmap image can lose detail and appear jagged if viewed at a high magnification on-screen or printed at too low a resolution. Bitmap images are the best choice for representing subtle gradations of shades and color-for example, in photographs or painted images.
High resolution images offer you the best quality for printing photos. Examine a photo's image size for its dimensions and resolution before you place it in your layout and enlarge it. (To find this information in Photoshop, go to Image Menu > Image Size.) See below for a comparision of a low resoluion and a high resolution image enlarge four times (400%).
Drawing programs such as Adobe Illustrator® create vector graphics, made of lines and curves defined by mathematical objects called vectors. Vectors describe graphics according to their geometric characteristics. For example, a bicycle tire in a vector graphic is made up of a mathematical definition of a circle drawn with a certain radius, set at a specific location, and filled with a specific color. You can move, resize, or change the color of the tire without losing the quality of the graphic.
A vector graphic is resolution-independent -- that is, it can be scaled to any size and printed on any output device at any resolution without losing its detail or clarity. As a result, vector graphics are the best choice for type (especially small type) and bold graphics that must retain crisp lines when scaled to various sizes (logos, for example). Because computer monitors represent images by displaying them on a grid, both vector and bitmap images are displayed as pixels on-screen.
Resolution, Resizing and Resampling
You can resize the image to specified pixel dimensions or to a percentage of the original size.
Resizing does not change the file size, but changes the relationship of the file dimensions and dpi.
Resampling changes the pixel dimensions and thus the file size -- see below.
Resizing
Start with a 1x1-inch file with a resolution of 300 dpi (Fig. A). Its file size is 264k. Increasing the width and height dimensions but not resampling leave the file and data at its original size of 264k (Fig. B).
Resampling
Changing the pixel dimensions (and therefore display size) of an image is referred to as resampling.
When you downsample (or decrease the number of pixels), information is deleted from the image. You can also upsample, or increase the number of pixels, but it doesn't necessarily improve the quality of the image. When Photoshop upsamples it interpolates new pixels based on existing data.
Downsampling
Start with that same 1x1-inch file with a resolution of 300 dpi at 264k (see Fig. A above). Constraining proportions and resampling the image to 72 dpi will decrease the file size to 15.2k (Fig. C). A lot of file information was lost in this process.
Upsampling
When you resample up (or increase the number of pixels by either changing dimensions or resolution), new pixel information is added based on color values of existing pixels. Changing pixel dimensions affects the size of an image and also can affect its quality.
Begin with a 1.5x1.5 inch file with a resolution of 72 dpi.
Resample (upsample) the image to 6x6 inches.
Take note of the increase of file size, but not necessarily of image quality. Photoshop interpolates (inserts) new pixels for the increased size (or resolution) based on existing data. However, the image quality may not be adequate since Photoshop is essentially guessing at the new data.
To change dimensions of an image
1. In Photoshop, resize an image by choosing Image menu > Image Size.
2. To maintain the current proportions of pixel width to pixel height, select Constrain Proportions. Leave Resample Image box unchecked. Constrain the image proportions by selecting:
3. Click OK.
Read more
Read more about pixel dimensions and resolution from the experts at Adobe: http://livedocs.adobe.com/en_US/Photoshop/10.0/help.html?content=WS75D24624-A761-40b6-832E-8AB0E2383C90.html
Bitmap and vector review
Photoshop and other paint and image-editing programs generate bitmap images, also called raster images. Bitmap images use a grid (the bitmap or raster) of small squares known as pixels to represent images. Each pixel is assigned a specific location and color value. For example, a bicycle tire in a bitmap image is made up of a mosaic of pixels in that location. When working with bitmap images, you edit pixels rather than objects or shapes.
Rasterizing is a process of converting vector images to bitmap images.
A bitmap image is resolution-dependent -- that is, it contains a fixed number of pixels to represent its image data. As a result, a bitmap image can lose detail and appear jagged if viewed at a high magnification on-screen or printed at too low a resolution. Bitmap images are the best choice for representing subtle gradations of shades and color-for example, in photographs or painted images.
High resolution images offer you the best quality for printing photos. Examine a photo's image size for its dimensions and resolution before you place it in your layout and enlarge it. (To find this information in Photoshop, go to Image Menu > Image Size.) See below for a comparision of a low resoluion and a high resolution image enlarge four times (400%).
Low Resolution
72 dpi enlarged 400%
High Resolution
300 dpi enlarged 400%
Drawing programs such as Adobe Illustrator® create vector graphics, made of lines and curves defined by mathematical objects called vectors. Vectors describe graphics according to their geometric characteristics. For example, a bicycle tire in a vector graphic is made up of a mathematical definition of a circle drawn with a certain radius, set at a specific location, and filled with a specific color. You can move, resize, or change the color of the tire without losing the quality of the graphic.
A vector graphic is resolution-independent -- that is, it can be scaled to any size and printed on any output device at any resolution without losing its detail or clarity. As a result, vector graphics are the best choice for type (especially small type) and bold graphics that must retain crisp lines when scaled to various sizes (logos, for example). Because computer monitors represent images by displaying them on a grid, both vector and bitmap images are displayed as pixels on-screen.
Resolution, Resizing and Resampling
You can resize the image to specified pixel dimensions or to a percentage of the original size.
Resizing does not change the file size, but changes the relationship of the file dimensions and dpi.
Resampling changes the pixel dimensions and thus the file size -- see below.
Resizing
Start with a 1x1-inch file with a resolution of 300 dpi (Fig. A). Its file size is 264k. Increasing the width and height dimensions but not resampling leave the file and data at its original size of 264k (Fig. B).
Fig. A
Fig. B
Resampling
Changing the pixel dimensions (and therefore display size) of an image is referred to as resampling.
When you downsample (or decrease the number of pixels), information is deleted from the image. You can also upsample, or increase the number of pixels, but it doesn't necessarily improve the quality of the image. When Photoshop upsamples it interpolates new pixels based on existing data.
Downsampling
Start with that same 1x1-inch file with a resolution of 300 dpi at 264k (see Fig. A above). Constraining proportions and resampling the image to 72 dpi will decrease the file size to 15.2k (Fig. C). A lot of file information was lost in this process.
Fig. C
Upsampling
When you resample up (or increase the number of pixels by either changing dimensions or resolution), new pixel information is added based on color values of existing pixels. Changing pixel dimensions affects the size of an image and also can affect its quality.
Begin with a 1.5x1.5 inch file with a resolution of 72 dpi.
Resample (upsample) the image to 6x6 inches.
Left, upsampled image; right, detail of upsampled image showing image quality.
Take note of the increase of file size, but not necessarily of image quality. Photoshop interpolates (inserts) new pixels for the increased size (or resolution) based on existing data. However, the image quality may not be adequate since Photoshop is essentially guessing at the new data.
To change dimensions of an image
1. In Photoshop, resize an image by choosing Image menu > Image Size.
2. To maintain the current proportions of pixel width to pixel height, select Constrain Proportions. Leave Resample Image box unchecked. Constrain the image proportions by selecting:
- Width, to constrain proportions using the new width value.
- Height, to constrain proportions using the new height value.
- Percent, to constrain proportions while resizing the image by a percent value.
3. Click OK.
Read more
Read more about pixel dimensions and resolution from the experts at Adobe: http://livedocs.adobe.com/en_US/Photoshop/10.0/help.html?content=WS75D24624-A761-40b6-832E-8AB0E2383C90.html
Exerpted and adapted from Adobe Photoshop Online Help.
2004 Ukrainian Orange Revolution
Ukrainians demonstrated their displeasure at 2004 election snafus by protesting en masse and wearing orange to voice their political opinions. But why orange?
A BBC article relates,
Read more at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4041157.stm
On an an interesting side note, "orange" has a negative connotation to Irish Catholics who relate it to William and Mary of Orange and the "Orangemen" -- Protestants who opposed Catholics ("Greens") in Northern Ireland.
A BBC article relates,
"In Ukraine, the colour orange was chosen to represent a broad coalition of opposition parties purely on the strength of it being a vibrant colour, instantly distinguishable from the traditional blue [its complement] and yellow Ukranian colours.
"According to colour psychologists, the colour orange is associated with good feeling. In Ukraine, orange is also becoming the symbol of change."
Read more at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4041157.stm
On an an interesting side note, "orange" has a negative connotation to Irish Catholics who relate it to William and Mary of Orange and the "Orangemen" -- Protestants who opposed Catholics ("Greens") in Northern Ireland.
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